Articles
Researched essays
Ongoing writing on the Democratic-Republican Party, early American politics, and political symbols. Each essay carries its sources and a correction route.
Essay
What Jefferson Meant by "We Are All Republicans, We Are All Federalists"
Jefferson's most quoted inaugural line, read in context: what it claimed after the bitter election of 1800, what it promised, and what it plainly left out.
ReadThe paperThe Donkey, the Elephant, and the Long Life of Political Symbols: A Visual History of American Party Identity
A source-checked visual history of how the donkey and elephant became American party symbols, from eagles and roosters to Nast, ballots, and red and blue.
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