Sources

History

History sources: the archives, papers, platforms, roll calls and surveys behind every chapter.

1. "A Declaration of the Immediate Causes which Induce and Justify the Secession of the State of Mississippi from the Federal Union, A Declaration of the Immediate Causes which Induce and Justify the Secession of the State of Mississippi from the Federal Union,. avalon.law.yale.edu
   1 claim on /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · primary
2. "Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union, Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union, (1860-12-24). avalon.law.yale.edu
   1 claim on /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · primary
3. Abraham Lincoln, Abraham Lincoln to Joshua F. Speed (1855-08-24). papersofabrahamlincoln.org
   2 claims on /history/religion-and-the-parties/, /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · primary
4. Abraham Lincoln, Abraham Lincoln, First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1861, Avalon Project, Yale Law School (1861-03-04). avalon.law.yale.edu
   1 claim on /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · primary
5. Abraham Lincoln, Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address, March 4, 1865, Avalon Project, Yale Law School (1865-03-04). avalon.law.yale.edu
   1 claim on /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · primary
6. Abraham Lincoln, Inaugural Address (1861-03-04). presidency.ucsb.edu
   1 claim on /how-we-got-here/changed-their-minds/ · primary
7. Abraham Lincoln, Letter in Reply to Horace Greeley (1862-08-22). presidency.ucsb.edu
   1 claim on /how-we-got-here/changed-their-minds/ · primary
8. Abraham Lincoln, Proclamation 95 (1863-01-01). presidency.ucsb.edu
   1 claim on /how-we-got-here/changed-their-minds/ · primary
9. Abraham Lincoln, Letter to Albert G. Hodges (1864-04-04). presidency.ucsb.edu
   1 claim on /how-we-got-here/changed-their-minds/ · primary
10. Academy of American Poets, Philip Freneau (n.d.). poets.org
    1 claim on /people/ · secondary
11. Akhil Reed Amar, Actually, the Electoral College Was a Pro-Slavery Ploy (New York Times) (2019-04-06). akhilamar.com
    1 claim on /history/election-of-1800/ · secondary
12. Alabama Department of Archives and History, Inaugural address of Governor George Wallace (1963-01-14). archives.alabama.gov
    2 claims on /how-we-got-here/new-deal-to-civil-rights/, /how-we-got-here/changed-their-minds/ · primary
13. Albert Gore, Jr., Address Conceding the 2000 Presidential Election (2000-12-13). presidency.ucsb.edu
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
14. Alexander H. Stephens, Cornerstone Speech, (1861-03-21). battlefields.org
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · primary
15. Alexander Hamilton, Alexander Hamilton, Opinion as to the Constitutionality of the Bank of the United States, 1791, Avalon Project, Yale Law School. avalon.law.yale.edu
    2 claims on /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · primary
16. Alfred E. Smith, Alfred E (1928-08-22). presidency.ucsb.edu
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · primary
17. American Experience, PBS, Wallace Quotes. pbs.org
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/changed-their-minds/ · secondary
18. American Party Platform of 1856, American Party Platform of 1856, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
19. American Rifleman (National Rifle Association), Cincinnati '77: Birthplace of the Modern NRA. americanrifleman.org
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/the-great-sort/ · secondary
20. Andrew Jackson (Avalon Project transcription), President Jackson's Veto Message Regarding the Bank of the United States (1832-07-10). avalon.law.yale.edu
    3 claims on /history/1824-and-after/, /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · primary
21. Andrew Johnson, distinction of race and color (1866-03-27). presidency.ucsb.edu
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · primary
22. Andrew T. Hill, Federal Reserve History, The Second Bank of the United States (n.d.). federalreservehistory.org
    2 claims on /history/governing/, /how-we-got-here/changed-their-minds/ · secondary
23. Arthur H. Vandenberg, American Foreign Policy (Senate speech) (1945-01-10). senate.gov
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/new-deal-to-civil-rights/ · primary
24. Barack Obama, Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on Health Care Reform (2009-09-09). presidency.ucsb.edu
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
25. Barack Obama, Remarks on Signing the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (2010-03-23). presidency.ucsb.edu
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
26. Barack Obama, Proclamation 8846, Honoring the Victims of the Tragedy in Oak Creek, Wisconsin (2012-08-06). presidency.ucsb.edu
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
27. Barack Obama, Address to the Nation on United States Strategy To Combat the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Terrorist Organization (ISIL) (2014-09-10). presidency.ucsb.edu
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
28. Barack Obama, Remarks at the Saddleback Civil Forum (2008-08-16). presidency.ucsb.edu
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/changed-their-minds/ · primary
29. Barack Obama, Interview with Robin Roberts of ABC News (2012-05-09). presidency.ucsb.edu
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/changed-their-minds/ · primary
30. Barry Goldwater, Address Accepting the Presidential Nomination at the Republican National Convention in San Francisco (1964-07-16). presidency.ucsb.edu
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/new-deal-to-civil-rights/ · primary
31. Brendan Nyhan and others, Like-minded sources on Facebook are prevalent but not polarizing (2023-07-27). nature.com
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · experimental
32. Caryn E. Neumann, Sunday Mail, The First Amendment Encyclopedia (2023-07-31). firstamendment.mtsu.edu
    2 claims on /history/religion-and-the-parties/ · secondary
33. Central Intelligence Agency, Comprehensive Report of the Special Advisor to the DCI on Iraq's WMD (Duelfer Report), Volume 1 (2004-09-30). govinfo.gov
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · official-retrospective
34. Charlene Bangs Bickford, Library of Virginia, John James Beckley, Dictionary of Virginia Biography (1998). lva.virginia.gov
    1 claim on /history/formation/ · secondary
35. Congress.gov, H.R.8404 Respect for Marriage Act, all actions. congress.gov
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/changed-their-minds/ · primary
36. Congressional Management Foundation, Citizen-Centric Advocacy: The Untapped Power of Constituent Engagement (2017). congressfoundation.org
    2 claims on /forward/, /forward/how-to-talk-politics/ · secondary
37. Congressional Record, Congressional Record, Daily Digest, Senate and House chamber action, vol. 147, no. 120, pp. D897 to D900, September 14, 2001 (2001-09-14). govinfo.gov
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
38. Congressional Record, Congressional Record, Daily Digest, House of Representatives, vol. 160, September 17 (2014-09-17). govinfo.gov
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
39. Congressional Record, Congressional Record, House, "Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002," vol. 148, October 10, 2002 (2002-10-10). govinfo.gov
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
40. Congressional Record, Congressional Record, House, H.R. 3590 and H.R. 4872 debate, vol. 156, part 2, March 21 (2010-03-21). govinfo.gov
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
41. Congressional Record, Congressional Record, Senate, vol. 166, no. 116, June 24, 2020 (2020-06-24). govinfo.gov
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
42. Congressional Record, Congressional Record, Daily Digest, House of Representatives, vol. 167, no. 4, January 6 (2021-01-06). govinfo.gov
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
43. Congressional Record, Congressional Record, House, "Impeaching Donald John Trump, President of the United States, for High Crimes and Misdemeanors," vol. 167, January 13, 2021 (2021-01-13). govinfo.gov
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
44. Congressional Record, Congressional Record, Senate, vol. 168, June 23, 2022 (2022-06-23). govinfo.gov
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
45. Congressional Record, Senate, October 4, 1939, vol. 85 pt. 1 (1939-10-04). govinfo.gov
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/changed-their-minds/ · primary
46. Congressional Record, Senate, January 10, 1945, vol. 91 pt. 1 (1945-01-10). govinfo.gov
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/changed-their-minds/ · primary
47. Congressional Record, Senate, March 9, 1949, vol. 95 pt. 2 (1949-03-09). govinfo.gov
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/changed-their-minds/ · primary
48. Congressional Research Service, 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force: Issues Concerning Its Continued Application (2015-04-14). everycrsreport.com
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · official-retrospective
49. Congressional Research Service, Women's Suffrage: Fact Sheet (R45805) (2021-02-22). everycrsreport.com
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/changed-their-minds/ · secondary
50. Connecticut State Library, Douglas Arnold, Third Thursday Presentations (n.d.). portal.ct.gov
    1 claim on /history/religion-and-the-parties/ · official-retrospective
51. Danbury Baptist Association, Danbury Baptist Association to Thomas Jefferson (1801-10-07). founders.archives.gov
    1 claim on /history/religion-and-the-parties/ · primary
52. Daniel M. Butler, David W. Nickerson, Can Learning Constituency Opinion Affect How Legislators Vote? (2011-09-01). isps.yale.edu
    1 claim on /forward/ · experimental · abstract only
53. Daniel Webster, I admonish every industrious laborer (1832-07-11). gutenberg.org
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · primary
54. Daniel Yudkin, Stephen Hawkins, Tim Dixon (More in Common), The Perception Gap: How False Impressions Are Pulling Americans Apart (2019-06). perceptiongap.us
    4 claims on /forward/, /forward/how-to-talk-politics/ · secondary
55. David Broockman, Joshua Kalla, Durably reducing transphobia: A field experiment on door-to-door canvassing (2016-04-08). ocf.berkeley.edu
    1 claim on /forward/ · experimental
56. Democratic National Convention; American Presidency Project, 1856 Democratic Party Platform (1856-06-02). presidency.ucsb.edu
    3 claims on /history/religion-and-the-parties/, /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · primary
57. Democratic Party, 1996 Democratic Party Platform (1996-08-26). presidency.ucsb.edu
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/the-great-sort/ · primary
58. Democratic Party Platform of 1840, Democratic Party Platform of 1840, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
    2 claims on /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · primary
59. Democratic Party Platform of 1864, Democratic Party Platform of 1864, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
    2 claims on /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · primary
60. Democratic Party Platform of 1868, Democratic Party Platform of 1868, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
    2 claims on /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · primary
61. Democratic Party Platform of 1876, Democratic Party Platform of 1876, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
62. Democratic Party Platform of 1880, Democratic Party Platform of 1880, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
    2 claims on /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · primary
63. Democratic Party Platform of 1892, Democratic Party Platform of 1892, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
    2 claims on /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · primary
64. Democratic Party Platform of 1896, Democratic Party Platform of 1896, July 7, 1896, The American Presidency Project, UC Santa Barbara (1896-07-07). presidency.ucsb.edu
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · primary
65. Democratic Party Platform of 1916, Democratic Party Platform of 1916, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
66. Democratic Party Platform of 1932, Democratic Party Platform of 1932, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
    2 claims on /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · primary
67. Democratic Party Platform of 1936, Democratic Party Platform of 1936, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
68. Democratic Party Platform of 1944, Democratic Party Platform of 1944, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
69. Democratic Party Platform of 1948, Democratic Party Platform of 1948, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
    2 claims on /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/new-deal-to-civil-rights/ · primary
70. Democratic Party Platform of 1964, Democratic Party Platform of 1964, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
71. Democratic Party Platform of 1968, Democratic Party Platform of 1968, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
    2 claims on /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/the-great-sort/ · primary
72. Democratic Party Platform of 1972, Democratic Party Platform of 1972, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
    2 claims on /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/the-great-sort/ · primary
73. Democratic Party Platform of 1976, Democratic Party Platform of 1976, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
    2 claims on /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/the-great-sort/ · primary
74. Democratic Party Platform of 1980, Democratic Party Platform of 1980, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
    2 claims on /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/the-great-sort/ · primary
75. Democratic Party Platform of 2008, Democratic Party Platform of 2008, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
76. Democratic Party Platform of 2012, Democratic Party Platform of 2012, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
77. Democratic Party Platform of 2020, Democratic Party Platform of 2020, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
78. Democratic Party Platform of 2024, Democratic Party Platform of 2024, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
    2 claims on /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
79. District of Columbia v. Heller, District of Columbia v. Heller, No. 07-290 (2008), syllabus, Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School. law.cornell.edu
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
80. Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, No. 19-1392 (2022), slip opinion, Supreme Court of the United States. supremecourt.gov
    3 claims on /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
81. Donald J. Trump, Address Accepting the Presidential Nomination at the Republican National Convention in Cleveland, Ohio (2016-07-21). presidency.ucsb.edu
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
82. Donald J. Trump, Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress (2017-02-28). presidency.ucsb.edu
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
83. Donald J. Trump (Executive Order 13769), Protecting the Nation From Foreign Terrorist Entry Into the United States (2017-01-27). federalregister.gov
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
84. Drew DeSilver, Pew Research Center, The polarization in today's Congress has roots that go back decades (2022-03-10). pewresearch.org
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/the-great-sort/ · secondary
85. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Radio and Television Address to the American People on the Situation in Little Rock (1957-09-24). presidency.ucsb.edu
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/new-deal-to-civil-rights/ · primary
86. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Statement Upon Signing Bill To Include the Words Under God in the Pledge (1954-06-14). presidency.ucsb.edu
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/new-deal-to-civil-rights/ · primary
87. Encyclopedia of Alabama, George C. Wallace. encyclopediaofalabama.org
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/changed-their-minds/ · secondary
88. Engel v. Vitale, Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 (1962), Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School. law.cornell.edu
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
89. Erik Santoro, David E. Broockman, The promise and pitfalls of cross-partisan conversations for reducing affective polarization (2022). pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
    1 claim on /forward/ · experimental
90. Federal Election Commission, 2000 Official Presidential General Election Results (2001). fec.gov
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
91. Federal Election Commission, Official 2016 Presidential General Election Results (2017-01-30). fec.gov
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
92. Federal Election Commission, Official 2020 Presidential General Election Results (n.d.). fec.gov
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
93. Federal Election Commission, Official 2024 Presidential General Election Results (n.d.). fec.gov
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
94. Franklin D. Roosevelt, Franklin D (1932-07-02). presidency.ucsb.edu
    2 claims on /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/, /how-we-got-here/new-deal-to-civil-rights/ · primary
95. Franklin D. Roosevelt, Acceptance Speech for the Renomination for the Presidency, Philadelphia (1936-06-27). presidency.ucsb.edu
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/new-deal-to-civil-rights/ · primary
96. Free Soil Party Platform of 1848, Free Soil Party Platform of 1848, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
97. Gallup, Gallup, "Record Party Divide 10 Years After Same-Sex Marriage Ruling," May 29, 2025. news.gallup.com
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
98. Gallup (Benedict Vigers, Justin Lall), Americans Prioritize AI Safety and Data Security (2025). news.gallup.com
    1 claim on /forward/the-starting-ten/ · primary
99. Gary Richardson, The Great Depression, (2013-11-22). federalreservehistory.org
    1 claim on /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · secondary
100. General Assembly of Virginia (Avalon Project transcription), Virginia Resolution - Alien and Sedition Acts (1798-12-24). avalon.law.yale.edu
     1 claim on /history/election-of-1800/ · primary
101. George Bush, Acceptance address, Republican National Convention (1988-08-18). presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/changed-their-minds/ · primary
102. George Bush, Statement on the Federal Budget Negotiations (1990-06-26). presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/changed-their-minds/ · primary
103. George Bush, Statement on Signing the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 (1990-11-05). presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/changed-their-minds/ · primary
104. George W. Bush, Address in Austin Accepting Election as the 43rd President of the United States (2000-12-13). presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
105. George W. Bush, Address to the Nation on Iraq From Cincinnati, Ohio (2002-10-07). presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
106. George Washington (Avalon Project transcription), Washington's Farewell Address 1796 (1796). avalon.law.yale.edu
     1 claim on /history/formation/ · primary
107. George Washington (Avalon Project transcription), Sixth Annual Message (1794-11-19). avalon.law.yale.edu
     1 claim on /history/formation/ · primary
108. Gregory J. Martin and Ali Yurukoglu, Bias in Cable News: Persuasion and Polarization (2016-06). nber.org
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · experimental
109. Grover Cleveland, our present tariff laws (1887-12-06). presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · primary
110. Guy Itzchakov, Avraham N. Kluger, Dotan R. Castro, I Am Aware of My Inconsistencies but Can Tolerate Them (2017). cris.huji.ac.il
     1 claim on /forward/how-to-talk-politics/ · experimental · abstract only
111. Hannah Scruggs, Encyclopedia Virginia, The Enslaved Community at Montpelier (2021). encyclopediavirginia.org
     1 claim on /history/participation-and-exclusion/ · secondary
112. Harry S. Truman, Special Message to the Congress on Greece and Turkey: The Truman Doctrine (1947-03-12). presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/new-deal-to-civil-rights/ · primary
113. Herbert Hoover, Herbert Hoover, Address Accepting the Republican Presidential Nomination in Stanford, California, August 11, 1928, The American Presidency Project, UC Santa Barbara (1928-08-11). presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · primary
114. Herbert Hoover, Herbert Hoover, Address at Madison Square Garden in New York City, October 31, 1932, The American Presidency Project, UC Santa Barbara (1932-10-31). presidency.ucsb.edu
     2 claims on /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/, /how-we-got-here/new-deal-to-civil-rights/ · primary
115. Herbert Hoover, a State-controlled or State-directed social or economic system (1932-08-11). presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · primary
116. Hillary Clinton, Address Accepting the Presidential Nomination at the Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (2016-07-28). presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
117. House Committee on the Judiciary, House Report 116-378, Removing the Deadline for the Ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment (2020). govinfo.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/the-great-sort/ · official-retrospective
118. House Republicans, The Republican Contract with America (1994-09-27). presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/the-great-sort/ · primary
119. Hubert H. Humphrey, Address Accepting the Presidential Nomination at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago (1968-08-29). presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/new-deal-to-civil-rights/ · primary
120. Hubert H. Humphrey (Minnesota Historical Society), Speech on civil rights, Democratic National Convention; Official Proceedings p. 192 (1948-07-14). www2.mnhs.org
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/new-deal-to-civil-rights/ · primary
121. James Madison, James Madison to the House of Representatives, 21 February 1811 (1811-02-21). founders.archives.gov
     1 claim on /history/religion-and-the-parties/ · primary
122. James Madison, James Madison to the House of Representatives, 28 February 1811 (1811-02-28). founders.archives.gov
     1 claim on /history/religion-and-the-parties/ · primary
123. James Madison, The Bank Bill, [2 February] 1791 (1791-02-02). founders.archives.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/changed-their-minds/ · primary
124. James Madison, Veto message on the bank bill (1815-01-30). presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/changed-their-minds/ · primary
125. James Madison, Seventh Annual Message (1815-12-05). presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/changed-their-minds/ · primary
126. James Madison, Letter to Charles J. Ingersoll (1831-06-25). founders.archives.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/changed-their-minds/ · primary
127. James Madison; editors, Presidential Proclamation, [9 July] 1812 (1812-07-09). founders.archives.gov
     1 claim on /history/religion-and-the-parties/ · primary
128. James Madison; eds. Rutland and Rachal, Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments (1785-06-20). founders.archives.gov
     2 claims on /history/religion-and-the-parties/ · primary
129. James Monroe's Highland, William & Mary, Highland and Slavery (n.d.). highland.org
     1 claim on /history/participation-and-exclusion/ · secondary
130. Jeff Lewis, Jeff Lewis, "Polarization in Congress," Voteview. voteview.com
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · secondary
131. Jeffrey A. Davis, Democratic-Republican Societies, Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia (n.d.). philadelphiaencyclopedia.org
     1 claim on /history/formation/ · secondary
132. Jessie Kratz, National Archives, The Election of 1800 (2016-11-07). blogs.archives.gov
     1 claim on /history/election-of-1800/ · official-retrospective
133. Jimmy Carter, Address to the Nation on Energy and National Goals (1979-07-15). presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/the-great-sort/ · primary
134. Jimmy Carter, Interview with Playboy Magazine (1976-11-01). presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/the-great-sort/ · primary
135. John Adams; Adams Papers editors, Massachusetts Historical Society, Diary of John Adams, vol. 3, entry 11 November 1791, with editorial note 1 (1791-11-11). masshist.org
     1 claim on /history/formation/ · primary
136. John F. Kennedy, Radio and Television Report to the American People on Civil Rights (1963-06-11). presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/new-deal-to-civil-rights/ · primary
137. John F. Kennedy, Speech, Greater Houston Ministerial Association (1960-09-12). presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/new-deal-to-civil-rights/ · primary
138. John V. Sullivan, Parliamentarian, U.S. House, How Our Laws Are Made (2007-07-24). govinfo.gov
     3 claims on /forward/ · official-retrospective
139. Jon Blue and Henry Cohn, What We Got in the Constitution of 1818 (2018). ctexplored.org
     1 claim on /history/religion-and-the-parties/ · secondary
140. Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Press Release: Bills Signed: S. 2089 and S. 2938 (2022-06-25). presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
141. Joseph S. Mernyk, Sophia L. Pink, James N. Druckman, Robb Willer, Correcting inaccurate metaperceptions reduces Americans' support for partisan violence (2022). pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
     1 claim on /forward/ · experimental
142. Joshua L. Kalla, Adam S. Levine, David Broockman, Personalizing Moral Reframing in Interpersonal Conversation (2021-09-09). isps.yale.edu
     1 claim on /forward/ · experimental · abstract only
143. Joshua L. Kalla, David E. Broockman, Reducing exclusionary attitudes through interpersonal conversation (2020). escholarship.org
     1 claim on /forward/ · experimental
144. Joshua L. Kalla, David E. Broockman, Which Narrative Strategies Durably Reduce Prejudice? (2021-10-31). isps.yale.edu
     1 claim on /forward/ · experimental · abstract only
145. Joshua L. Kalla, David E. Broockman, The Minimal Persuasive Effects of Campaign Contact in General Elections (2018). cambridge.org
     1 claim on /forward/ · experimental · abstract only
146. Kamala Kelkar, PBS NewsHour, Electoral College is 'vestige' of slavery, say some Constitutional scholars (2016-11-06). pbs.org
     1 claim on /history/election-of-1800/ · secondary
147. Kat Eschner, Smithsonian Magazine, For a Few Decades in the 18th Century, Women and African-Americans Could Vote in New Jersey (2017-11-16). smithsonianmag.com
     1 claim on /history/participation-and-exclusion/ · secondary
148. Kentucky General Assembly (Avalon Project transcription), Kentucky Resolution - Alien and Sedition Acts (1799-12-03). avalon.law.yale.edu
     1 claim on /history/election-of-1800/ · primary
149. KFF, Public Views on Prescription Drug Costs: Regulation, Affordability and TrumpRx (2026-03-13). kff.org
     1 claim on /forward/the-starting-ten/ · primary
150. Legal Information Institute (statute text), 5 U.S.C. 553 Rule making (n.d.). law.cornell.edu
     1 claim on /forward/ · primary
151. Levi Boxell, Matthew Gentzkow and Jesse M. Shapiro, Is the Internet Causing Political Polarization? Evidence from Demographics (2017-03). nber.org
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · secondary
152. Levi Boxell, Matthew Gentzkow and Jesse M. Shapiro, Cross-Country Trends in Affective Polarization (2021-11). nber.org
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · secondary
153. Lewis, Poole, Rosenthal, Boche, Rudkin, Sonnet (Voteview, UCLA), Voteview: Congressional Roll-Call Votes Database. voteview.com
     5 claims on /how-we-got-here/new-deal-to-civil-rights/ · primary
154. Lewis, Poole, Rosenthal, Boche, Rudkin, Sonnet (Voteview, UCLA), Voteview: Congressional Roll-Call Votes Database. voteview.com
     7 claims on /how-we-got-here/the-great-sort/ · primary
155. Lewis, Poole, Rosenthal, Boche, Rudkin, Sonnet (Voteview, UCLA), Voteview: Congressional Roll-Call Votes Database. voteview.com
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/changed-their-minds/ · primary
156. Library of Congress, Formation of Political Parties (Creating the United States exhibition) (n.d.). loc.gov
     5 claims on /history/formation/, /symbols/the-donkey-and-the-elephant/, /history/names-and-symbols/, /how-we-got-here/ · official-retrospective
157. Library of Congress, Establishing a Federal Republic (Thomas Jefferson exhibition) (n.d.). loc.gov
     2 claims on /history/formation/, /history/election-of-1800/ · official-retrospective
158. Library of Congress, Indian Removal Act: Primary Documents in American History (n.d.). guides.loc.gov
     2 claims on /history/participation-and-exclusion/, /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · official-retrospective
159. Library of Congress, Kansas-Nebraska Act: Primary Documents in American History (n.d.). guides.loc.gov
     1 claim on /history/1824-and-after/ · official-retrospective
160. Library of Congress, Religion and the Founding of the American Republic: Religion and the State Governments (n.d.). loc.gov
     6 claims on /history/religion-and-the-parties/ · official-retrospective
161. Library of Congress, Religion and the Founding of the American Republic: Religion and the Federal Government, Part 1 (n.d.). loc.gov
     4 claims on /history/religion-and-the-parties/ · official-retrospective
162. Library of Congress, Religion and the Founding of the American Republic: Religion and the Federal Government, Part 2 (n.d.). loc.gov
     4 claims on /history/religion-and-the-parties/ · official-retrospective
163. Library of Congress, Religion and the Founding of the American Republic: Religion and the New Republic (n.d.). loc.gov
     3 claims on /history/religion-and-the-parties/, /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · official-retrospective
164. Library of Congress, New Online: Rare 19th Century Autobiography in Arabic by an Enslaved West African Scholar, (2019-01). blogs.loc.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · secondary
165. Library of Congress, Prohibition: Topics in Chronicling America.. guides.loc.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · secondary
166. Library of Congress, Wounded Knee Massacre: Topics in Chronicling America.. guides.loc.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · secondary
167. Lyndon B. Johnson, Lyndon B. Johnson, Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress, November 27, 1963, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
     2 claims on /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/changed-their-minds/ · primary
168. Lyndon B. Johnson, Radio and Television Remarks Upon Signing the Civil Rights Bill (1964-07-02). presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/new-deal-to-civil-rights/ · primary
169. Lyndon B. Johnson, Special Message to the Congress: The American Promise (1965-03-15). presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/new-deal-to-civil-rights/ · primary
170. Mark J. Rozell, Encyclopedia Virginia, Jerry Falwell (1933 to 2007). encyclopediavirginia.org
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/the-great-sort/ · secondary
171. Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute, Stanford, Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). kinginstitute.stanford.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/new-deal-to-civil-rights/ · secondary
172. Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute, Stanford, Malcolm X. kinginstitute.stanford.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/new-deal-to-civil-rights/ · secondary
173. Matthew Feinberg, Robb Willer, From Gulf to Bridge (2015). sdimakis.github.io
     1 claim on /forward/ · experimental
174. Michael E. Woods, Presidential Politics in a Public Health Crisis: Cholera and the 1832 Election (2020-07-14). journalofthecivilwarera.org
     1 claim on /history/religion-and-the-parties/ · secondary
175. Michael L. Rosin, The Three-Fifths Rule and the Presidential Elections of 1800 and 1824, 15 U. St. Thomas L.J. 159 (2018). researchonline.stthomas.edu
     1 claim on /history/election-of-1800/ · secondary
176. Miller Center, Andrew Jackson: Key Events.. millercenter.org
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · secondary
177. Miller Center, Millard Fillmore: Key Events.. millercenter.org
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · secondary
178. Miller Center, Rutherford B. Hayes: Key Events.. millercenter.org
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · secondary
179. Miller Center, Herbert Hoover: Campaigns and Elections.. millercenter.org
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · secondary
180. Miller Center, University of Virginia, James Madison (n.d.). millercenter.org
     1 claim on /history/formation/ · secondary
181. Miller Center, University of Virginia, Thomas Jefferson: Key Events (n.d.). millercenter.org
     2 claims on /history/election-of-1800/, /history/governing/ · secondary
182. Miller Center, University of Virginia, James Madison: Key Events (n.d.). millercenter.org
     2 claims on /history/governing/, /how-we-got-here/changed-their-minds/ · secondary
183. Miller Center, University of Virginia, James Monroe: Key Events (n.d.). millercenter.org
     1 claim on /history/governing/ · secondary
184. Miller Center, University of Virginia, James Monroe: Domestic Affairs (n.d.). millercenter.org
     1 claim on /history/governing/ · secondary
185. Miller Center, University of Virginia, John Quincy Adams: Key Events (n.d.). millercenter.org
     1 claim on /history/1824-and-after/ · secondary
186. Miller Center, University of Virginia, Andrew Jackson: Campaigns and Elections (n.d.). millercenter.org
     1 claim on /history/1824-and-after/ · secondary
187. Miller Center, University of Virginia, Thomas Jefferson (n.d.). millercenter.org
     1 claim on /people/ · secondary
188. Miller Center, University of Virginia, James Monroe (n.d.). millercenter.org
     1 claim on /people/ · secondary
189. Miller Center, University of Virginia, John Quincy Adams (n.d.). millercenter.org
     1 claim on /people/ · secondary
190. Miller Center, University of Virginia, Andrew Jackson (n.d.). millercenter.org
     1 claim on /people/ · secondary
191. Miller Center, University of Virginia, John Adams (n.d.). millercenter.org
     1 claim on /people/ · secondary
192. Miller Center, University of Virginia, Franklin Pierce: The American Franchise (n.d.). millercenter.org
     2 claims on /history/religion-and-the-parties/, /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · secondary
193. Miller Center, University of Virginia, James Buchanan: Campaigns and Elections (n.d.). millercenter.org
     1 claim on /history/religion-and-the-parties/ · secondary
194. Minnesota Court of Appeals, State of Minnesota v. Derek Michael Chauvin, A21-1228 (2023-04-17). mn.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
195. Mitt Romney, Address at the George Bush Presidential Library in College Station, Texas ( (2007-12-06). presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
196. Mitt Romney, Statement by Mitt Romney on Today's Shooting in Wisconsin (2012-08-05). presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
197. National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (1968). ojp.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/new-deal-to-civil-rights/ · primary
198. National Archives, Electoral College results 1796 (n.d.). archives.gov
     2 claims on /history/formation/, /people/ · official-retrospective
199. National Archives, Alien and Sedition Acts (1798), Milestone Documents (n.d.). archives.gov
     1 claim on /history/election-of-1800/ · primary
200. National Archives, Electoral College results 1800 (n.d.). archives.gov
     1 claim on /history/election-of-1800/ · official-retrospective
201. National Archives, The Constitution of the United States: A Transcription (1787). archives.gov
     2 claims on /history/election-of-1800/, /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
202. National Archives, Louisiana Purchase Treaty (1803), Milestone Documents (n.d.). archives.gov
     1 claim on /history/governing/ · primary
203. National Archives, Treaty of Ghent (1814), Milestone Documents (n.d.). archives.gov
     1 claim on /history/governing/ · primary
204. National Archives, McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), Milestone Documents (n.d.). archives.gov
     1 claim on /history/governing/ · primary
205. National Archives, Missouri Compromise (1820), Milestone Documents (n.d.). archives.gov
     1 claim on /history/governing/ · primary
206. National Archives, Monroe Doctrine (1823), Milestone Documents (n.d.). archives.gov
     1 claim on /history/governing/ · primary
207. National Archives, Electoral College results 1804 (n.d.). archives.gov
     1 claim on /timeline/ · official-retrospective
208. National Archives, Electoral College results 1808 (n.d.). archives.gov
     1 claim on /timeline/ · official-retrospective
209. National Archives, Electoral College results 1812 (n.d.). archives.gov
     1 claim on /timeline/ · official-retrospective
210. National Archives, Electoral College results 1816 (n.d.). archives.gov
     1 claim on /history/governing/ · official-retrospective
211. National Archives, Electoral College results 1820 (n.d.). archives.gov
     1 claim on /history/governing/ · official-retrospective
212. National Archives, Electoral College results 1824 (n.d.). archives.gov
     1 claim on /history/1824-and-after/ · official-retrospective
213. National Archives, Electoral College results 1828 (n.d.). archives.gov
     1 claim on /history/1824-and-after/ · official-retrospective
214. National Archives, The Bill of Rights: A Transcription (1789). archives.gov
     1 claim on /forward/ · primary
215. National Archives, National Archives, "19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Women's Right to Vote (1920)," Milestone Documents. archives.gov
     2 claims on /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · official-retrospective
216. National Archives, National Archives, "Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)," Milestone Documents. archives.gov
     2 claims on /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · official-retrospective
217. National Archives, National Archives, Electoral College results, 1832 (1832). archives.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · secondary
218. National Archives, National Archives, Electoral College results, 1844 (1844). archives.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · secondary
219. National Archives, President Andrew Jackson's Message to Congress 'On Indian Removal' (1830), (1830-12-06). archives.gov
     2 claims on /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · secondary
220. National Archives, Compromise of 1850,. archives.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · secondary
221. National Archives, National Archives, Electoral College results, 1848 (1848). archives.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · secondary
222. National Archives, National Archives, Electoral College results, 1852 (1852). archives.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · secondary
223. National Archives, National Archives, Electoral College results, 1856 (1856). archives.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · secondary
224. National Archives, Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), (1857-03-06). archives.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · secondary
225. National Archives, National Archives, Electoral College results, 1860 (1860). archives.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · secondary
226. National Archives, Emancipation Proclamation (1863), (1863-01-01). archives.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · secondary
227. National Archives, National Archives, Electoral College results, 1864 (1864). archives.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · secondary
228. National Archives, 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Abolition of Slavery (1865), (1865). archives.gov
     2 claims on /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/, /how-we-got-here/changed-their-minds/ · secondary
229. National Archives, National Archives, Electoral College results, 1876 (1876). archives.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · secondary
230. National Archives, 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Civil Rights (1868),. archives.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · secondary
231. National Archives, 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Voting Rights (1870),. archives.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · secondary
232. National Archives, National Archives, Electoral College results, 1868 (1868). archives.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · secondary
233. National Archives, Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), (1896-05-18). archives.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · secondary
234. National Archives, Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), (1882-05-06). archives.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · secondary
235. National Archives, National Archives, Electoral College results, 1896 (1896). archives.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · secondary
236. National Archives, National Archives, Electoral College results, 1928 (1928). archives.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · secondary
237. National Archives, National Archives, Electoral College results, 1932 (1932). archives.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · secondary
238. National Archives, 2000 Electoral College Results (n.d.). archives.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · official-retrospective
239. National Archives, 2016 Electoral College Results (n.d.). archives.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · official-retrospective
240. National Archives, 2020 Electoral College Results (n.d.). archives.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · official-retrospective
241. National Archives, 2024 Electoral College Results (n.d.). archives.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · official-retrospective
242. National Archives, 2012 Electoral College Results (n.d.). archives.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · official-retrospective
243. National Archives, Civil Rights Act (1964), Milestone Documents. archives.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/new-deal-to-civil-rights/ · official-retrospective
244. National Archives, Electoral College results. archives.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/new-deal-to-civil-rights/ · primary
245. National Archives, Executive Order 9981: Desegregation of the Armed Forces (1948) (1948-07-26). archives.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/new-deal-to-civil-rights/ · official-retrospective
246. National Archives, Brown v. Board of Education (1954), Milestone Documents. archives.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/new-deal-to-civil-rights/ · official-retrospective
247. National Archives, Voting Rights Act (1965), Milestone Documents (1965-08-06). archives.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/new-deal-to-civil-rights/ · official-retrospective
248. National Archives, Electoral College results. archives.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/the-great-sort/ · primary
249. National Archives, Watergate and the Constitution, chronology. archives.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/the-great-sort/ · official-retrospective
250. National Archives, C-9 Nightingale aircraft bringing in the 52 freed hostages (1981-01-20). catalog.archives.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/the-great-sort/ · primary
251. National Archives, The Emancipation Proclamation. archives.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/changed-their-minds/ · secondary
252. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, The 9/11 Commission Report (2004). govinfo.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · official-retrospective
253. National Constitution Center, The Virginia Resolutions (1798) (n.d.). constitutioncenter.org
     1 claim on /history/election-of-1800/ · secondary
254. National Park Service, House Divided Speech, (1858-06-16). nps.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · secondary
255. National Park Service, First Debate: Ottawa, Illinois, (1858-08-21). nps.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · secondary
256. National Park Service, Fourth Debate: Charleston, Illinois, (1858-09-18). nps.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · secondary
257. National Park Service, Civil War Facts: 1861 to 1865.. nps.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · secondary
258. National Park Service, Ulysses S. Grant and General Orders No. 11. (1862-12-17). nps.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · secondary
259. National Park Service, A Chronology of the Battle of the Little Bighorn.. nps.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · secondary
260. NBC News (Matthew DeLuca), GOP's Rob Portman announces support for same-sex marriage (2013-03-15). nbcnews.com
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/changed-their-minds/ · secondary
261. New Georgia Encyclopedia, William Harris Crawford (1772-1834) (n.d.). georgiaencyclopedia.org
     1 claim on /history/1824-and-after/ · secondary
262. New Jersey State Library, New Jersey Suffrage Timeline, Votes for Women (n.d.). libguides.njstatelib.org
     1 claim on /history/participation-and-exclusion/ · official-retrospective
263. Obergefell v. Hodges, Obergefell v. Hodges, No. 14-556 (2015), Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School. law.cornell.edu
     2 claims on /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
264. Office of the Clerk, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House, Roll Call 165, March 21, 2010 (H.R. 3590, concur in Senate amendments). clerk.house.gov
     2 claims on /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
265. Office of the Clerk, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House, Roll Call 575, November 17, 1993 (H.R. 3450, NAFTA Implementation Act). clerk.house.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
266. Office of the Clerk, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House, Roll Call 416, August 21, 1994 (H.R. 3355, conference report). clerk.house.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
267. Office of the Clerk, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House, Roll Call 119, June 25, 2020 (H.R. 7120, George Floyd Justice in Policing Act). clerk.house.gov
     2 claims on /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
268. Office of the Clerk, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House, Roll Call 316, July 12, 1996 (H.R. 3396, Defense of Marriage Act). clerk.house.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
269. Office of the Clerk, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House, Roll Call 513, December 8, 2022 (H.R. 8404, Respect for Marriage Act). clerk.house.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
270. Office of the Clerk, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House, Roll Call 477, June 26, 2009 (H.R. 2454, American Clean Energy and Security Act). clerk.house.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
271. Office of the Clerk, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House, Roll Call 14, January 19, 2011 (H.R. 2, repeal of the health care law). clerk.house.gov
     2 claims on /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
272. Office of the Clerk, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House, Roll Call 342, September 14, 2001 (H.J. Res. 64, use of force against those responsible for the attacks). clerk.house.gov
     2 claims on /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
273. Office of the Clerk, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House, Roll Call 455, October 10, 2002 (H.J. Res. 114, use of force against Iraq). clerk.house.gov
     2 claims on /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
274. Office of the Clerk, U.S. House, Roll Call 528 (1990) (1990-10-26). clerk.house.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/changed-their-minds/ · primary
275. Office of the Clerk, U.S. House, Roll Call 316 (1996) (1996-07-12). clerk.house.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/changed-their-minds/ · primary
276. Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives, On Agreeing to the Objection (Arizona) (2021-01-07). clerk.house.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
277. Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives, H. Res. 24, Impeaching Donald John Trump, President of the United States, for high crimes and misdemeanors (2021-01-13). clerk.house.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
278. Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives, S. 2938, On Concurring in the Senate Amendments to the House Amendment (2022-06-24). clerk.house.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
279. Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives, H. R. 8034, Israel Security Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2024 (2024-04-20). clerk.house.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
280. Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives, H. J. Res. 124, On Agreeing to the Amendment (McKeon of California, Part B) (2014-09-17). clerk.house.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
281. Office of the Historian, Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State, "Chinese Immigration and the Chinese Exclusion Acts". history.state.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · official-retrospective
282. Office of the Historian, Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State, "The Immigration Act of 1924 (The Johnson-Reed Act)". history.state.gov
     2 claims on /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · official-retrospective
283. Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State, Thomas Jefferson (people) (n.d.). history.state.gov
     1 claim on /history/formation/ · official-retrospective
284. Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State, Louisiana Purchase, 1803 (n.d.). history.state.gov
     1 claim on /history/governing/ · official-retrospective
285. Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State, The War of 1812, 1812-1815 (n.d.). history.state.gov
     1 claim on /history/governing/ · official-retrospective
286. Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State, James Madison (people) (n.d.). history.state.gov
     1 claim on /people/ · official-retrospective
287. Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State, James Monroe (people) (n.d.). history.state.gov
     1 claim on /people/ · official-retrospective
288. Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State, The Iranian Hostage Crisis. history.state.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/the-great-sort/ · official-retrospective
289. Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 1949. history.state.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/changed-their-minds/ · secondary
290. Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State, Rapprochement with China, 1972. history.state.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/changed-their-minds/ · secondary
291. Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State, China Policy. history.state.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/changed-their-minds/ · secondary
292. Office of the Historian, U.S. House, The Civil Rights Act of 1964 (1964-07-02). history.house.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/new-deal-to-civil-rights/ · official-retrospective
293. Office of the Historian, U.S. House, The 'Fulfillment of White's Prophecy'. history.house.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/new-deal-to-civil-rights/ · secondary
294. Office of the Historian, U.S. House, The Southern Manifesto of 1956 (1956-03-12). history.house.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/new-deal-to-civil-rights/ · official-retrospective
295. Office of the Historian, U.S. House, The Voting Rights Act of 1965 (1965-08-03). history.house.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/new-deal-to-civil-rights/ · official-retrospective
296. Office of the Historian, U.S. House, Overturning Exclusion, Limiting Immigration. history.house.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/new-deal-to-civil-rights/ · secondary
297. Office of the Historian, U.S. House, List of Individuals Impeached by the House of Representatives. history.house.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/the-great-sort/ · official-retrospective
298. Office of the Historian, U.S. House, 104th Congress, Congressional Profiles. history.house.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/the-great-sort/ · official-retrospective
299. Office of the Historian, U.S. House, Majority Changes in the House of Representatives. history.house.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/the-great-sort/ · official-retrospective
300. Official Proceedings of the Democratic National Convention Held in Chicago, Official Proceedings of the Democratic National Convention Held in Chicago, Ill (1896-07-09). archive.org
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · primary
301. Papers of Thomas Jefferson editors, Thomas Jefferson to William Linn, 31 July 1791, editorial note (1982). founders.archives.gov
     1 claim on /history/religion-and-the-parties/ · secondary
302. Papers of Thomas Jefferson editors, Reply to the Danbury Baptist Association [Editorial Note] (2009). founders.archives.gov
     1 claim on /history/religion-and-the-parties/ · secondary
303. Pennsylvania convention (Avalon Project transcription), Constitution of Pennsylvania (1776-09-28). avalon.law.yale.edu
     1 claim on /history/participation-and-exclusion/ · primary
304. Peter J. Galie, The 1821 Constitutional Convention and the Constitutionalization of Racial Discrimination in New York, Albany Law Review 87.4 (2024). albanylawreview.org
     1 claim on /history/participation-and-exclusion/ · secondary
305. Pew Research Center, Americans' Dismal Views of the Nation's Politics (2023-09-19). pewresearch.org
     3 claims on /forward/the-starting-ten/ · primary
306. Pew Research Center, Majority of Americans continue to back expanded early voting, voting by mail, voter ID (2025-08-22). pewresearch.org
     1 claim on /forward/the-starting-ten/ · primary
307. Pew Research Center, Americans' views of government aid to the poor, role in health care and Social Security (2024-06-24). pewresearch.org
     2 claims on /forward/the-starting-ten/, /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
308. Pew Research Center, Majority of Americans support banning social media for kids under 16 (2026-07-01). pewresearch.org
     1 claim on /forward/the-starting-ten/ · primary
309. Pew Research Center, Americans' Views of Deportations (2025-03-26). pewresearch.org
     1 claim on /forward/the-starting-ten/ · primary
310. Pew Research Center, The changing demographic composition of voters and party coalitions (2024-04-09). pewresearch.org
     1 claim on /history/religion-and-the-parties/ · secondary
311. Pew Research Center, Party identification among religious groups and religiously unaffiliated voters (2024-04-09). pewresearch.org
     2 claims on /history/religion-and-the-parties/, /how-we-got-here/ · secondary
312. Pew Research Center, Pew Research Center, "Political Polarization in the American Public," June 12, 2014. pewresearch.org
     3 claims on /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/today/, /how-we-got-here/the-great-sort/ · primary
313. Pew Research Center, Pew Research Center, "Public Opinion on Abortion," fact sheet, March 12, 2026. pewresearch.org
     2 claims on /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
314. Pew Research Center, Pew Research Center, "Amid a Series of Mass Shootings in the U.S., Gun Policy Remains Deeply Divisive," April 20, 2021. pewresearch.org
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
315. Pew Research Center, Pew Research Center, "What the data says about Americans' views of climate change," August 9, 2023. pewresearch.org
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
316. Pew Research Center, The Partisan Divide on Political Values Grows Even Wider (2017-10-05). pewresearch.org
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · secondary
317. Pew Research Center, Changing Partisan Coalitions in a Politically Divided Nation (2024-04-09). pewresearch.org
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · secondary
318. Pew Research Center, Political Polarization & Media Habits (2014-10-21). pewresearch.org
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · secondary
319. Pew Research Center, Attitudes on Same-Sex Marriage (2019-05-14). pewresearch.org
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · secondary
320. Pew Research Center, As Partisan Hostility Grows, Signs of Frustration With the Two-Party System (2022-08-09). pewresearch.org
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · secondary
321. Pew Research Center, Religious Landscape Study: Executive Summary (2025-02-26). pewresearch.org
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · secondary
322. Pew Research Center, Faith on the Hill: The religious composition of the 119th Congress (2025-01-02). pewresearch.org
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · secondary
323. Pew Research Center, Faith on the Hill: The Religious Composition of the 113th Congress (2012-11-16). pewresearch.org
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · secondary
324. Pew Research Center, Jewish Americans in 2020 (2021-05-11). pewresearch.org
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · secondary
325. Pew Research Center, Americans' Dismal Views of the Nation's Politics (2023-09-19). pewresearch.org
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · secondary
326. Platform of the States' Rights Democratic Party, Platform of the States' Rights Democratic Party, 1948, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
     2 claims on /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/new-deal-to-civil-rights/ · primary
327. Populist Party Platform of 1892, Populist Party Platform of 1892, July 4, 1892, The American Presidency Project, UC Santa Barbara (1892-07-04). presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · primary
328. Program for Public Consultation, University of Maryland, Stock Trades by Members of Congress questionnaire; press release July 19, 2023 (2023-07-19). publicconsultation.org
     1 claim on /forward/the-starting-ten/ · primary
329. Progressive Party Platform of 1912, Progressive Party Platform of 1912, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
330. Provincial Congress of New Jersey (Avalon Project transcription), Constitution of New Jersey; 1776 (1776-07-02). avalon.law.yale.edu
     1 claim on /history/participation-and-exclusion/ · primary
331. Republican National Convention; American Presidency Project, Republican Party Platform of 1856 (1856-06-18). presidency.ucsb.edu
     3 claims on /history/religion-and-the-parties/, /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · primary
332. Republican Party, Republican Party Platform of 1996 (1996-08-12). presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/the-great-sort/ · primary
333. Republican Party Platform of 1860, Republican Party Platform of 1860, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
     2 claims on /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · primary
334. Republican Party Platform of 1864, Republican Party Platform of 1864, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
     2 claims on /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · primary
335. Republican Party Platform of 1868, Republican Party Platform of 1868, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
     2 claims on /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · primary
336. Republican Party Platform of 1876, Republican Party Platform of 1876, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
337. Republican Party Platform of 1880, Republican Party Platform of 1880, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
     2 claims on /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · primary
338. Republican Party Platform of 1888, Republican Party Platform of 1888, June 19, 1888, The American Presidency Project, UC Santa Barbara (1888-06-19). presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · primary
339. Republican Party Platform of 1892, Republican Party Platform of 1892, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
     2 claims on /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · primary
340. Republican Party Platform of 1896, Republican Party Platform of 1896, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
     2 claims on /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · primary
341. Republican Party Platform of 1916, Republican Party Platform of 1916, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
342. Republican Party Platform of 1932, Republican Party Platform of 1932, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
     2 claims on /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · primary
343. Republican Party Platform of 1936, Republican Party Platform of 1936, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
344. Republican Party Platform of 1940, Republican Party Platform of 1940, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
345. Republican Party Platform of 1948, Republican Party Platform of 1948, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
     2 claims on /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/new-deal-to-civil-rights/ · primary
346. Republican Party Platform of 1964, Republican Party Platform of 1964, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
347. Republican Party Platform of 1968, Republican Party Platform of 1968, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
     2 claims on /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/the-great-sort/ · primary
348. Republican Party Platform of 1972, Republican Party Platform of 1972, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
     2 claims on /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/the-great-sort/ · primary
349. Republican Party Platform of 1976, Republican Party Platform of 1976, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
     3 claims on /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/the-great-sort/ · primary
350. Republican Party Platform of 1980, Republican Party Platform of 1980, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
     2 claims on /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/the-great-sort/ · primary
351. Republican Party Platform of 2004, Republican Party Platform of 2004, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
352. Republican Party Platform of 2008, Republican Party Platform of 2008, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
353. Republican Party Platform of 2012, Republican Party Platform of 2012, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
354. Republican Party Platform of 2016, Republican Party Platform of 2016, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
355. Republican Party Platform of 2024, Republican Party Platform of 2024, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
     2 claims on /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
356. Richard M. Johnson, Sunday Mails, American State Papers, Post Office Department, No. 74 (1829-01-19). dheller.org
     1 claim on /history/religion-and-the-parties/ · primary
357. Richard M. Johnson; McCreery, Sunday Mails, American State Papers, Post Office Department, No. 87 (1830-03-05). dheller.org
     1 claim on /history/religion-and-the-parties/ · primary
358. Richard M. Nixon, Address Accepting the Presidential Nomination at the Republican National Convention in Miami Beach (1968-08-08). presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/new-deal-to-civil-rights/ · primary
359. Richard M. Nixon, Address to the Nation on the War in Vietnam (1969-11-03). presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/the-great-sort/ · primary
360. Richard M. Nixon, Address to the Nation Announcing Decision To Resign (1974-08-08). presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/the-great-sort/ · primary
361. Richard Nixon, Remarks, The Open Question, WTMJ-TV Milwaukee (1960-10-08). presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/changed-their-minds/ · primary
362. Richard Nixon, Remarks to the Nation Announcing Acceptance of an Invitation To Visit the PRC (1971-07-15). presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/changed-their-minds/ · primary
363. Roe v. Wade, Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973), Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School. law.cornell.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
364. Ronald Reagan, Address on Behalf of Senator Barry Goldwater: A Time for Choosing (1964-10-27). presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/new-deal-to-civil-rights/ · primary
365. Ronald Reagan, Inaugural Address (1981-01-20). presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/the-great-sort/ · primary
366. Ronald Reagan, Message to the Senate Returning Without Approval the Fairness in Broadcasting Bill (1987-06-19). presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/the-great-sort/ · primary
367. Ronald Reagan, Remarks at an Ecumenical Prayer Breakfast in Dallas (1984-08-23). presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/the-great-sort/ · primary
368. Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, Fairness Doctrine, topic guide. reaganlibrary.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/the-great-sort/ · official-retrospective
369. Signatory Muslim scholars and leaders, Open Letter to Dr. Ibrahim Awwad Al-Badri, alias 'Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi' (2014-09-19). lettertobaghdadi.com
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
370. Southern Baptist Convention, Resolution On Racial Reconciliation On The 150th Anniversary (1995-06-01). sbc.net
     2 claims on /history/religion-and-the-parties/, /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · official-retrospective
371. Stefano DellaVigna and Ethan Kaplan, The Fox News Effect: Media Bias and Voting (2006-04). nber.org
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · experimental
372. Supreme Court of the United States, Bush v. Gore (2000-12-12). law.cornell.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
373. Supreme Court of the United States, Order List, Texas v. Pennsylvania, No. 155, Orig. (2020-12-11). supremecourt.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
374. Supreme Court of the United States, Trump v. Hawaii (2018-06-26). law.cornell.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
375. Supreme Court of the United States, Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. 644 (2015-06-26). tile.loc.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/changed-their-minds/ · primary
376. The American Presidency Project, Vice-Presidential Debate (2008-10-02). presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/changed-their-minds/ · primary
377. The Horry Herald, Believes Benefit Will Come of It (1915-10-14). historicnewspapers.sc.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/changed-their-minds/ · primary
378. The United Methodist Church, Division in America and Expansion Overseas (1844 to 1860).. umc.org
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · secondary
379. The White House, Granting Pardons and Commutation of Sentences for Certain Offenses Relating to the Events at or Near the United States Capitol on January 6, 2021 (2025-01-20). whitehouse.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
380. Theodore Frelinghuysen, Do the obligations of justice (1830-04-06). archive.org
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · primary
381. Thomas Jefferson, From Thomas Jefferson to Samuel Miller (1808-01-23). founders.archives.gov
     1 claim on /history/religion-and-the-parties/ · primary
382. Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Jefferson to the Danbury Baptist Association (1802-01-01). founders.archives.gov
     1 claim on /history/religion-and-the-parties/ · primary
383. Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Jefferson, Opinion on the Constitutionality of a National Bank, 1791, Avalon Project, Yale Law School. avalon.law.yale.edu
     2 claims on /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · primary
384. Thomas Jefferson (Avalon Project transcription), First Inaugural Address (1801-03-04). avalon.law.yale.edu
     1 claim on /history/election-of-1800/ · primary
385. Thomas Jefferson; ed. Julian P. Boyd, 82. A Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom, 18 June 1779 (1779-06-18). founders.archives.gov
     3 claims on /history/religion-and-the-parties/ · primary
386. Thomas Jefferson; editors, Memorandum Books, 1802 (1802-01-04). founders.archives.gov
     1 claim on /history/religion-and-the-parties/ · primary
387. Thomas Jefferson; Thomas Jefferson Foundation, Extract from Thomas Jefferson to William Henry Harrison, 27 Feb. 1803 (1803-02-27). tjrs.monticello.org
     1 claim on /history/participation-and-exclusion/ · primary
388. U.S. Congress, Public Law 95-341, American Indian Religious Freedom (1978-08-11). govinfo.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/the-great-sort/ · primary
389. U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, "Creation of the Department of Homeland Security". dhs.gov
     2 claims on /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/today/ · official-retrospective
390. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Terrorist Organizations (n.d.). state.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
391. U.S. Department of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton (1789-1795) (n.d.). home.treasury.gov
     1 claim on /history/formation/ · official-retrospective
392. U.S. Department of the Treasury, Albert Gallatin (1801-1814) (n.d.). home.treasury.gov
     1 claim on /history/governing/ · official-retrospective
393. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "The Origins of EPA". epa.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · official-retrospective
394. U.S. House (Congressional Record), Congressional Record, vol. 144, no. 155, December 19, 1998 (1998-12-19). govinfo.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/the-great-sort/ · primary
395. U.S. House History, Art and Archives, GALLATIN, Albert (n.d.). history.house.gov
     1 claim on /history/formation/ · official-retrospective
396. U.S. House History, Art and Archives, Electoral College Fast Facts (n.d.). history.house.gov
     1 claim on /history/election-of-1800/ · official-retrospective
397. U.S. House History, Art and Archives, ADAMS, John Quincy (n.d.). history.house.gov
     1 claim on /history/1824-and-after/ · official-retrospective
398. U.S. House History, Art and Archives, CLAY, Henry (n.d.). history.house.gov
     1 claim on /history/1824-and-after/ · official-retrospective
399. U.S. House History, Art and Archives, JOHNSON, Richard Mentor (n.d.). history.house.gov
     1 claim on /history/religion-and-the-parties/ · official-retrospective
400. U.S. House of Representatives, Find Your Representative (n.d.). house.gov
     1 claim on /forward/ · primary
401. U.S. House of Representatives, U.S. House of Representatives, History, Art and Archives, "The Fulfillment of White's Prophecy," Black Americans in Congress. history.house.gov
     2 claims on /how-we-got-here/ · official-retrospective
402. U.S. House of Representatives, U.S. House of Representatives, History, Art and Archives, "The Demise of Reconstruction," Black Americans in Congress. history.house.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · official-retrospective
403. U.S. House of Representatives, U.S. House of Representatives, History, Art and Archives, "The Fifteenth Amendment in Flesh and Blood: 1870 to 1901," Black Americans in Congress. history.house.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · official-retrospective
404. U.S. House of Representatives, Representative James Henry Hammond of South Carolina, (1836-02-01). history.house.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · secondary
405. U.S. House of Representatives, Representative George White of North Carolina, (1901-01-29). history.house.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · secondary
406. U.S. House of Representatives, U (1866-06-13). history.house.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · secondary
407. U.S. House of Representatives, A 'Rising People, Full of Potential Force',. history.house.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · secondary
408. U.S. House of Representatives, The Nineteenth Amendment, 1919 to 1920,. history.house.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · secondary
409. U.S. House of Representatives, The House's 1918 Passage of a Constitutional Amendment Granting Women the Right to Vote. (1918-01-10). history.house.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · secondary
410. U.S. House of Representatives, 'Why Not Have it Constitutionally?': Race, Gender, and the Nineteenth Amendment, (2019-05-21). history.house.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · secondary
411. U.S. House of Representatives, The 'Fulfillment of White's Prophecy',. history.house.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · secondary
412. U.S. House of Representatives, RANKIN, Jeannette.. history.house.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · secondary
413. U.S. House of Representatives, ELLISON, Keith (n.d.). history.house.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · official-retrospective
414. U.S. House of Representatives, H. Res. 775, 112th Congress (engrossed) (2012-09-13). govinfo.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
415. U.S. House of Representatives, GABBARD, Tulsi (n.d.). history.house.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · official-retrospective
416. U.S. House of Representatives (GovInfo), Constitution, Jefferson's Manual, and Rules of the House, 104th Congress, Amendment XII note (n.d.). govinfo.gov
     1 claim on /history/election-of-1800/ · official-retrospective
417. U.S. Senate, Key to Party Abbreviations (n.d.). senate.gov
     1 claim on /history/formation/ · official-retrospective
418. U.S. Senate, Senators contact information (n.d.). senate.gov
     1 claim on /forward/ · primary
419. U.S. Senate, U.S. Senate, "Classic Senate Speeches: Everett Dirksen on Civil Rights". senate.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · official-retrospective
420. U.S. Senate, U.S. Senate, "Landmark Legislation: The Civil Rights Act of 1964". senate.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · official-retrospective
421. U.S. Senate, U.S. Senate, "Senators Who Changed Parties During Senate Service (Since 1890)". senate.gov
     2 claims on /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/new-deal-to-civil-rights/ · official-retrospective
422. U.S. Senate, U.S. Senate, "Strom Thurmond: A Featured Biography". senate.gov
     2 claims on /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/new-deal-to-civil-rights/ · official-retrospective
423. U.S. Senate, The Senate Passes the Thirteenth Amendment, (1864-04-08). senate.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · secondary
424. U.S. Senate, Expulsion Case of Reed Smoot of Utah (1907).. senate.gov
     2 claims on /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/, /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · secondary
425. U.S. Senate, The Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871.. senate.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · secondary
426. U.S. Senate, The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868). (1868). senate.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · secondary
427. U.S. Senate, Freedmen's Bureau Acts of 1865 and 1866. (1866). senate.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · secondary
428. U.S. Senate, Landmark Legislation: The Fourteenth Amendment.. senate.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · secondary
429. U.S. Senate, Landmark Legislation: Fifteenth Amendment.. senate.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · secondary
430. U.S. Senate, The Senate Overrides the President's Veto of the Volstead Act, (1919-10-28). senate.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · secondary
431. U.S. Senate, On the Joint Resolution (S.J. Res. 23) (2001-09-14). senate.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
432. U.S. Senate, On the Joint Resolution (H.J.Res. 114) (2002-10-11). senate.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
433. U.S. Senate, On Passage of the Bill (H.R. 3590 as Amended) (2009-12-24). senate.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
434. U.S. Senate, On the Amendment (McConnell Amdt. No. 667), to H.R. 1628 (2017-07-28). senate.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
435. U.S. Senate, On Cloture on the Motion to Proceed (S. 3985, JUSTICE Act) (2020-06-24). senate.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
436. U.S. Senate, On the Objection (Arizona electoral votes) (2021-01-07). senate.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
437. U.S. Senate, Guilty or Not Guilty (Article of Impeachment Against Former President Donald John Trump) (2021-02-13). senate.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
438. U.S. Senate, On the Motion to Concur in the House amendment to S. 2938 with an amendment (Amdt. No. 5099) (2022-06-23). senate.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/today/ · primary
439. U.S. Senate, Civil Rights Filibuster Ended (1964-06-10). senate.gov
     4 claims on /how-we-got-here/new-deal-to-civil-rights/, /how-we-got-here/changed-their-minds/ · official-retrospective
440. U.S. Senate, Richard Russell: A Featured Biography. senate.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/new-deal-to-civil-rights/ · official-retrospective
441. U.S. Senate, Arthur H. Vandenberg, American Foreign Policy, Classic Senate Speeches (1945-01-10). senate.gov
     2 claims on /how-we-got-here/new-deal-to-civil-rights/, /how-we-got-here/changed-their-minds/ · official-retrospective
442. U.S. Senate, Arthur Vandenberg: A Featured Biography. senate.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/new-deal-to-civil-rights/ · official-retrospective
443. U.S. Senate, About Impeachment: Impeachment Cases. senate.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/the-great-sort/ · official-retrospective
444. U.S. Senate (Congressional Record), Congressional Record, vol. 110, June 10, 1964 (1964-06-10). govinfo.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/new-deal-to-civil-rights/ · primary
445. U.S. Senate (Congressional Record), Congressional Record, vol. 110, June 18, 1964 (1964-06-18). govinfo.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/new-deal-to-civil-rights/ · primary
446. U.S. Senate Historical Office, Parties and Leadership: Overview (n.d.). senate.gov
     10 claims on /history/formation/, /history/election-of-1800/, /history/governing/, /history/1824-and-after/, /history/names-and-symbols/, /history/religion-and-the-parties/, /how-we-got-here/, /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · official-retrospective
447. U.S. Senate Historical Office, The Caning of Senator Charles Sumner, May 22, 1856.. senate.gov
     2 claims on /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · secondary
448. U.S. Senate Historical Office, Hiram Revels: First African American Senator, (2020-02-25). senate.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · secondary
449. U.S. Supreme Court, Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954-05-17). tile.loc.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/new-deal-to-civil-rights/ · primary
450. U.S. Supreme Court, Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 (1962-06-25). tile.loc.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/new-deal-to-civil-rights/ · primary
451. U.S. Supreme Court, School District of Abington Township v. Schempp, 374 U.S. 203 (1963-06-17). tile.loc.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/new-deal-to-civil-rights/ · primary
452. U.S. Supreme Court, Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973-01-22). tile.loc.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/the-great-sort/ · primary
453. U.S. Supreme Court, Clay, aka Ali v. United States, 403 U.S. 698 (1971-06-28). tile.loc.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/the-great-sort/ · primary
454. U.S. Supreme Court, Employment Division v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872 (1990-04-17). tile.loc.gov
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/the-great-sort/ · primary
455. Voteview, Voteview, Congressional Parties data (HSall_parties.csv). voteview.com
     3 claims on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
456. Voteview, Voteview, about page. voteview.com
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · secondary
457. Voteview, Voteview, "Data: Congressional Parties". voteview.com
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · secondary
458. Voteview, Voteview, 38th Congress, House roll call 480, January 31, 1865 (S.J. Res. 16, passage). voteview.com
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
459. Voteview, Voteview, 38th Congress, Senate roll call 134, April 8, 1864 (S.J. Res. 16, passage). voteview.com
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
460. Voteview, Voteview, 39th Congress, House roll call 259, June 13, 1866 (H.J. Res. 127, concurrence in Senate amendment). voteview.com
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
461. Voteview, Voteview, 74th Congress, House roll call 39, April 19, 1935 (H.R. 7260, Social Security bill). voteview.com
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
462. Voteview, Voteview, 74th Congress, Senate roll call 82, June 19, 1935 (H.R. 7260). voteview.com
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
463. Voteview, Voteview, 88th Congress, House roll call 128, February 10, 1964 (H.R. 7152, passage). voteview.com
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
464. Voteview, Voteview, 88th Congress, Senate roll call 409, June 19, 1964 (H.R. 7152, passage). voteview.com
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
465. Voteview, Voteview, member files for the 87th and 119th Congresses (H087, S087, H119, S119). voteview.com
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
466. Voteview, Voteview, 47th Congress, House roll call 83, April 17, 1882 (H.R. 5804, Chinese immigration). voteview.com
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
467. Voteview, Voteview, 68th Congress, House roll call 55, April 12, 1924 (H.R. 7995, passage). voteview.com
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
468. Voteview, Voteview, 89th Congress, House roll call 177, September 30, 1965 (H.R. 2580, conference report). voteview.com
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
469. Voteview, Voteview, 65th Congress, House roll call 61, December 17, 1917 (S.J. Res. 17). voteview.com
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
470. Voteview, Voteview, 65th Congress, Senate roll call 121, August 1, 1917 (S.J. Res. 17). voteview.com
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
471. Voteview, Voteview, 72nd Congress, House roll call 112, February 20, 1933 (S.J. Res. 211). voteview.com
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
472. Voteview, Voteview, 66th Congress, House roll call 2, May 21, 1919 (H.J. Res. 1). voteview.com
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
473. Voteview, Voteview, 66th Congress, Senate roll call 13, June 4, 1919 (H.J. Res. 1). voteview.com
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
474. Voteview, Voteview, 80th Congress, House roll call 49, June 20, 1947 (labor-management bill over the veto). voteview.com
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
475. Voteview, Voteview, 80th Congress, Senate roll call 86, June 23, 1947 (H.R. 3020 over the veto). voteview.com
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
476. Voteview, Voteview, 103rd Congress, House roll call 548, November 10, 1993 (H.R. 1025, passage). voteview.com
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
477. Voteview, Voteview, 103rd Congress, House roll call 750, May 5, 1994 (H.R. 4296, passage). voteview.com
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
478. Voteview, Voteview, 103rd Congress, Senate roll call 690, August 25, 1994 (H.R. 3355, conference report). voteview.com
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
479. Voteview, Voteview, 116th Congress, Senate roll call 554, June 24, 2020 (S. 3985, cloture on the motion to proceed). voteview.com
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
480. Voteview, Voteview, 117th Congress, Senate roll call 890, November 29, 2022 (H.R. 8404, passage). voteview.com
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
481. Voteview, Voteview, 91st Congress, Senate roll call 543, September 22, 1970 (H.R. 17255, passage). voteview.com
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
482. Voteview, Voteview, 101st Congress, House roll call 868, October 26, 1990 (S. 1630, conference report). voteview.com
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
483. Voteview, Voteview, 101st Congress, Senate roll call 636, October 27, 1990 (S. 1630, conference report). voteview.com
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
484. Voteview, Voteview, 89th Congress, House roll call 97, July 27, 1965 (H.R. 6675, conference report). voteview.com
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
485. Voteview, Voteview, 89th Congress, Senate roll call 174, July 28, 1965 (H.R. 6675, conference report). voteview.com
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
486. Voteview, Voteview, 111th Congress, Senate roll call 396, December 24, 2009 (H.R. 3590, passage). voteview.com
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
487. Whig Party Platform of 1844, Whig Party Platform of 1844, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
488. Whig Party Platform of 1852, Whig Party Platform of 1852, The American Presidency Project. presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/ · primary
489. White House Historical Association, Thomas Jefferson (n.d.). whitehousehistory.org
     1 claim on /history/participation-and-exclusion/ · secondary
490. William J. Clinton, Remarks on Signing the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 (1994-09-13). presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/the-great-sort/ · primary
491. William J. Clinton, State of the Union Address (1996-01-23). presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/the-great-sort/ · primary
492. William J. Clinton, Remarks on Signing the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993 (1993-11-16). presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/the-great-sort/ · primary
493. William McKinley, William McKinley, Letter Accepting the Republican Presidential Nomination, August 26, 1896, The American Presidency Project, UC Santa Barbara (1896-08-26). presidency.ucsb.edu
     1 claim on /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/ · primary
494. Wisconsin Historical Society, The Little White Schoolhouse Listed in the National Register of Historic Places (2024-08-02). wisconsinhistory.org
     2 claims on /history/1824-and-after/, /how-we-got-here/first-parties-to-civil-war/ · official-retrospective
495. Woodrow Wilson, Woodrow Wilson, Address to the Senate on the Nineteenth Amendment, September 30, 1918, The American Presidency Project, UC Santa Barbara (1918-09-30). presidency.ucsb.edu
     2 claims on /how-we-got-here/reconstruction-to-the-new-deal/, /how-we-got-here/changed-their-minds/ · primary
496. Zachary M. Schrag, Nativist Riots of 1844, Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia (2013). philadelphiaencyclopedia.org
     1 claim on /history/religion-and-the-parties/ · secondary

Symbols and images

Sources for the party symbols and images: cartoons, ballots, emblems and their catalog records.

1. Albert Bigelow Paine, Th. Nast, His Period and His Pictures (1904). hdl.handle.net
   3 claims on /symbols/the-donkey-and-the-elephant/, /history/names-and-symbols/ · secondary
2. American Watchman and Delaware Advertiser, Democratic Conferee Meeting; Committee Meeting notices (1824-09-21). loc.gov
   1 claim on /history/names-and-symbols/ · primary
3. Benjamin Levy, National Park Service, Little White Schoolhouse, National Register nomination (n.d. (designated 1974)). npgallery.nps.gov
   1 claim on /symbols/the-donkey-and-the-elephant/ · secondary
4. Chandler Lighty, Indiana State Library, The Indiana Sentinel: Indianapolis's Democratic Voice (2013-10-17). library.in.gov
   1 claim on /symbols/the-donkey-and-the-elephant/ · secondary
5. Election Commission of India, The Election Symbols (Reservation and Allotment) Order, 1968 (1968-08-31). ceopuducherry.py.gov.in
   1 claim on /symbols/the-donkey-and-the-elephant/ · primary
6. George Washington's Mount Vernon, Democratic-Republican Societies (n.d.). mountvernon.org
   1 claim on /symbols/the-donkey-and-the-elephant/ · secondary
7. Justin Kits, GW Hatchet article (2010-09-15). gwhatchet.com
   1 claim on /symbols/the-donkey-and-the-elephant/ · secondary
8. Justin Martin, Alabama Democratic Conference, Encyclopedia of Alabama (2025-01-27 (updated 2026-07-01)). encyclopediaofalabama.org
   1 claim on /symbols/the-donkey-and-the-elephant/ · secondary
9. Library of Congress, Liberty. In the form of the goddess of youth, giving support to the bald eagle (1796-06-11). loc.gov
   1 claim on /symbols/the-donkey-and-the-elephant/ · primary
10. Library of Congress, Congressional pugilists (1798). loc.gov
    1 claim on /symbols/the-donkey-and-the-elephant/ · primary
11. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs searches (2026-10-28). loc.gov
    1 claim on /symbols/the-donkey-and-the-elephant/ · direct-observation
12. Library of Congress, Genl. Andrew Jackson, 1828. Protector & defender of beauty & booty, Orleans (1828). loc.gov
    1 claim on /symbols/the-donkey-and-the-elephant/ · primary
13. Library of Congress, [Cut of broom] To sweep the Augean Stable... (1828). loc.gov
    1 claim on /symbols/the-donkey-and-the-elephant/ · primary
14. Library of Congress, The modern balaam and his ass (1837). loc.gov
    1 claim on /symbols/the-donkey-and-the-elephant/ · primary
15. Library of Congress, Brother, Beware. C-Ass (1848-06-10). loc.gov
    1 claim on /symbols/the-donkey-and-the-elephant/ · primary
16. Library of Congress, Political cock fighters (1844). loc.gov
    1 claim on /symbols/the-donkey-and-the-elephant/ · primary
17. Library of Congress, Cock of the walk (1848). loc.gov
    1 claim on /symbols/the-donkey-and-the-elephant/ · primary
18. Library of Congress, The great match at Baltimore (1860). loc.gov
    1 claim on /symbols/the-donkey-and-the-elephant/ · primary
19. Library of Congress, Jno C. Fremont [and] Wm. L. Dayton. The champions of freedom! (c1856). loc.gov
    1 claim on /symbols/the-donkey-and-the-elephant/ · primary
20. Library of Congress, The Third-term Panic (1874-11-07). loc.gov
    1 claim on /symbols/the-donkey-and-the-elephant/ · primary
21. Library of Congress, Caught in a trap-The result of the third term hoax (1874-11-21). loc.gov
    1 claim on /symbols/the-donkey-and-the-elephant/ · primary
22. Library of Congress, [Tammany's Waterloo cartoon] (1875-11-20). loc.gov
    1 claim on /symbols/the-donkey-and-the-elephant/ · primary
23. Library of Congress, Stranger things have happened (1879-12-27). loc.gov
    1 claim on /symbols/the-donkey-and-the-elephant/ · primary
24. Library of Congress, The American River Ganges (1871-09-30). loc.gov
    1 claim on /symbols/the-donkey-and-the-elephant/ · primary
25. Library of Congress, The Republican elephant and his growing burden (1902-06-18). loc.gov
    1 claim on /symbols/the-donkey-and-the-elephant/ · primary
26. Library of Congress, [Race to the White House...] (1912). loc.gov
    1 claim on /symbols/the-donkey-and-the-elephant/ · primary
27. Library of Congress, Our ever constant Elephant and Donkey emblems (1940-07-01). loc.gov
    1 claim on /symbols/the-donkey-and-the-elephant/ · primary
28. Library of Congress, 6 cents. Humbug glory bank (1837). loc.gov
    1 claim on /history/reading-political-cartoons/ · secondary
29. National Museum of American History, Jefferson Banner (1800). si.edu
    1 claim on /symbols/the-donkey-and-the-elephant/ · primary
30. Ohio Attorney General, Opinion No. 3633 (1926-09-20). ohioattorneygeneral.gov
    1 claim on /symbols/the-donkey-and-the-elephant/ · primary
31. Ohio State University Libraries, Thomas Nast: Prince of Caricaturists (n.d.). library.osu.edu
    1 claim on /symbols/the-donkey-and-the-elephant/ · secondary
32. Paul Farhi (Washington Post), Elephants are red, donkeys are blue (2004-11-01). nbcnews.com
    1 claim on /symbols/the-donkey-and-the-elephant/ · secondary
33. Paul Waldman, American Prospect column (2010-09-17). prospect.org
    1 claim on /symbols/the-donkey-and-the-elephant/ · cultural-interpretation
34. Republican National Committee, The History of the Republican Party, 1854-1956 (1956). hdl.handle.net
    2 claims on /symbols/the-donkey-and-the-elephant/ · official-retrospective
35. Sarah A. Warren, Alabama Constitution of 1901 (2011-03-08 (updated 2026-06-04)). encyclopediaofalabama.org
    1 claim on /symbols/the-donkey-and-the-elephant/ · secondary
36. The Jasper Weekly Courier, How to Vote (1908-10-30). loc.gov
    1 claim on /symbols/the-donkey-and-the-elephant/ · primary
37. The Montgomery Advertiser, Game Cock Is Emblem (1904-05-26). loc.gov
    1 claim on /symbols/the-donkey-and-the-elephant/ · primary
38. The New York Herald, The Wild Animals Broken Loose (1874-11-09). loc.gov
    1 claim on /symbols/the-donkey-and-the-elephant/ · primary

Animal behavior

Animal behavior sources: the field studies and welfare guidance behind the dolphin, elephant and donkey pages.

1. Brown J, Corea R, Dangolla A, et al. (IUCN SSC Asian Elephant Specialist Group), AsESG Guidelines on management of captive elephants in musth (2022). asesg.org
   4 claims on /symbols/what-a-mascot-leaves-out/ · secondary
2. Christiansen F, McHugh KA, Bejder L, et al., Food provisioning increases the risk of injury in a long-lived marine top predator (2016). pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
   2 claims on /dolphin/, /dolphin/the-whole-record/ · direct-observation
3. Connor RC, Krutzen M, Allen SJ, Sherwin WB, King SL, Strategic intergroup alliances increase access to a contested resource in male bottlenose dolphins (2022). doi.org
   2 claims on /dolphin/ · direct-observation
4. Connor RC, Smolker RA, Richards AF, Two levels of alliance formation among male bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) (1992). pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
   1 claim on /dolphin/the-whole-record/ · direct-observation · abstract only
5. de Oliveira MGC, de Paula VV, Mouta AN, et al., Validation of the Donkey Pain Scale (DOPS) for Assessing Postoperative Pain in Donkeys (2021). pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
   1 claim on /symbols/what-a-mascot-leaves-out/ · secondary
6. Dunn DG, Barco SG, Pabst DA, McLellan WA, Evidence for infanticide in bottlenose dolphins of the western North Atlantic (2002). digitalcommons.odu.edu
   1 claim on /dolphin/ · forensic-inference · abstract only
7. EU Platform on Animal Welfare, voluntary initiative group on equines, Guide to good animal welfare practice for the keeping, care, training and use of donkeys and donkey hybrids (DOC/11066/2020) (2018-2019). food.ec.europa.eu
   5 claims on /symbols/what-a-mascot-leaves-out/ · secondary
8. Gross S, Claus P, Wohlsein P, et al., Indication of lethal interactions between a solitary bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in the German Baltic Sea (2020). link.springer.com
   1 claim on /dolphin/ · forensic-inference · abstract only
9. Jaakkola K, Guarino E, Donegan K, King SL, Bottlenose dolphins can understand their partner's role in a cooperative task (2018). pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
   1 claim on /dolphin/ · experimental
10. King SL, Allen SJ, Krutzen M, Connor RC, Vocal behaviour of allied male dolphins during cooperative mate guarding (2019). pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
    2 claims on /dolphin/, /dolphin/the-whole-record/ · direct-observation
11. Lyamin OI, Manger PR, Ridgway SH, Mukhametov LM, Siegel JM, Cetacean sleep: an unusual form of mammalian sleep (2008). pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
    1 claim on /dolphin/the-whole-record/ · secondary · abstract only
12. McLean AK, Navas Gonzalez FJ, Canisso IF, Donkey and Mule Behavior (2019). doi.org
    1 claim on /symbols/what-a-mascot-leaves-out/ · secondary · abstract only
13. NOAA Fisheries, Protect Wild Dolphins: Admire Them from a Distance (2023-10-03). fisheries.noaa.gov
    2 claims on /dolphin/ · official-retrospective
14. NOAA Fisheries, Frequent Questions: Feeding or Harassing Marine Mammals in the Wild (2026-01-20). fisheries.noaa.gov
    1 claim on /dolphin/ · official-retrospective
15. NOAA Fisheries, Marine Life Viewing Guidelines: Guidelines and Distances. fisheries.noaa.gov
    1 claim on /dolphin/ · official-retrospective
16. NOAA Fisheries, Common Bottlenose Dolphin (2026-09-01). fisheries.noaa.gov
    2 claims on /dolphin/the-whole-record/ · official-retrospective
17. Nunny L, Simmonds MP, A Global Reassessment of Solitary-Sociable Dolphins (2018). pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
    2 claims on /dolphin/the-whole-record/ · official-retrospective
18. Patterson IAP, Reid RJ, Wilson B, Grellier K, Ross HM, Thompson PM, Evidence for infanticide in bottlenose dolphins: an explanation for violent interactions with harbour porpoises? (1998). pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
    2 claims on /dolphin/ · forensic-inference · abstract only
19. Plotnik JM, de Waal FBM, Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) reassure others in distress (2014). pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
    1 claim on /symbols/what-a-mascot-leaves-out/ · direct-observation
20. Plotnik JM, Lair R, Suphachoksahakun W, de Waal FBM, Elephants know when they need a helping trunk in a cooperative task (2011). pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
    1 claim on /symbols/what-a-mascot-leaves-out/ · experimental · abstract only
21. Proops L, Burden F, Osthaus B, Social relations in a mixed group of mules, ponies and donkeys reflect differences in equid type (2012). doi.org
    1 claim on /symbols/what-a-mascot-leaves-out/ · direct-observation · abstract only
22. Puig-Lozano R, Fernandez A, Saavedra P, et al., Retrospective Study of Traumatic Intra-Interspecific Interactions in Stranded Cetaceans, Canary Islands (2020). pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
    1 claim on /dolphin/the-whole-record/ · forensic-inference
23. Reggente MALV, Papale E, McGinty N, Eddy L, de Lucia GA, Bertulli CG, Social relationships and death-related behaviour in aquatic mammals: a systematic review (2018). pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
    1 claim on /dolphin/the-whole-record/ · secondary · abstract only
24. Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Asian elephant. nationalzoo.si.edu
    2 claims on /symbols/what-a-mascot-leaves-out/ · official-retrospective
25. Texas Department of Agriculture, Guard Donkeys. texasagriculture.gov
    1 claim on /symbols/what-a-mascot-leaves-out/ · official-retrospective
26. Yamamoto C, Kashiwagi N, Otsuka M, Sakai M, Tomonaga M, Cooperation in bottlenose dolphins: bidirectional coordination in a rope-pulling task (2019). pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
    1 claim on /dolphin/ · experimental

Image credits and rights

1. H.J. Res. 1, Joint Resolution Proposing an Amendment to the Constitution Extending the Right of Suffrage to Women, United States Congress, 1919-05. National Archives, NAID 28264933. Rights: Unrestricted (National Archives catalog, Use Restriction status). catalog.archives.gov
2. Vandenberg speaking at airport, Abbie Rowe, National Park Service, 1946-07-27. National Archives, Harry S. Truman Library, NAID 338955610; 73-2256. Rights: Unrestricted (National Archives catalog, Use Restriction status); work of a federal employee. catalog.archives.gov
3. President Richard Nixon, Chinese Premier Chou En-Lai, and Officials upon the Arrival of the United States Delegation in China, White House Photo Office, 1972-02-21. National Archives, Richard Nixon Library, White House Photo Office Collection, NAID 194756; NLRN-WHPO-8487-08A. Rights: Unrestricted (National Archives catalog, Use Restriction status). catalog.archives.gov
4. Arguments of the chivalry, Unknown artist, 1856. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-38851; PC/US - 1856.H644, no. 1 (B size). Rights: No known restrictions on publication.. loc.gov
5. [Andrew Jackson, half-length portrait, three-quarters to right], Unknown photographer, 1845. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-109873; DAG no. 043. Rights: No known restrictions on publication.. loc.gov
6. John Ross, a Cherokee chief, John T. Bowen, lithographer; published by Daniel Rice and James G. Clark, c1843. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-DIG-pga-07513; PGA - McKenney & Hall--John Ross ... (B size). Rights: No known restrictions on publication.. loc.gov
7. Slave pen, Alexandria, Va., Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, 1861 to 1865. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-DIG-stereo-1s04355; LOT 4162, no. 223. Rights: No known restrictions on publication.. loc.gov
8. [Senator Stephen A. Douglas], E. Anthony (Firm), ca. 1860. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-DIG-ppmsca-53278; LOT 14043-2, no. 533. Rights: No known restrictions on publication.. loc.gov
9. Abraham Lincoln, Sunday, November 8, 1863, Alexander Gardner, 1863-11-08. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-DIG-ppmsca-19191; PH - Gardner (A.), no. 10 (B size). Rights: No known restrictions on publication.. loc.gov
10. Scene in the House on the passage of the proposition to amend the Constitution, January 31, 1865, Harper's Weekly, 1865-02-18. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-127599; Illus. in AP2.H32 1865 (Case Y). Rights: No known restrictions on publication.. loc.gov
11. President Franklin D. Roosevelt Broadcasting his First Fireside Chat Regarding the Banking Crisis, from the White House, Washington, DC, Unknown photographer, 1933-03-12. National Archives, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, NAID 6728517; NPx 48-22 3868(628). Rights: Unrestricted (National Archives catalog, Use Restriction status). catalog.archives.gov
12. Executive Order 9981 dated July 26, 1948, Establishing the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services, Harry S. Truman, 1948-07-26. National Archives, General Records of the United States Government (Record Group 11), NAID 300009. Rights: Unrestricted (National Archives catalog, Use Restriction status). catalog.archives.gov
13. Photograph of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, Arkansas Governor Orval E. Faubus and Arkansas Congressman Brooks Hays at the Naval Base in Newport, Rhode Island, following a Two-Hour Conference on the Little Rock School Integration Controversy, Unknown photographer, 1957-09-14. National Archives, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, NAID 7865613; 67-178-7. Rights: Unrestricted (National Archives catalog, Use Restriction status). catalog.archives.gov
14. Photograph of Leaders at the Head of the Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C., U.S. Information Agency photographer, 1963-08-28. National Archives, Records of the U.S. Information Agency (Record Group 306), NAID 542002; 306-SSM-4A-35-6. Rights: Unrestricted (National Archives catalog, Use Restriction status). catalog.archives.gov
15. Signing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Cecil Stoughton, White House photographer, 1964-07-02. LBJ Presidential Library, National Archives, 276-28-WH64. Rights: Public domain. lbjlibrary.org
16. Hiram R. Revels of Miss., Brady-Handy studio, ca. 1870. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-DIG-cwpbh-00554; LC-BH83- 1823. Rights: No known restrictions on publication.. loc.gov
17. The first colored senator and representatives, in the 41st and 42nd Congress of the United States, Currier & Ives, 1872. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-DIG-ppmsca-17564; PGA - Currier & Ives--First colored senator ... (A size). Rights: No known restrictions on publication.. loc.gov
18. The Union as it was: The lost cause, worse than slavery, Thomas Nast, 1874. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-128619; Illus. in AP2.H32 1874 (Case Y). Rights: No known restrictions on publication.. loc.gov
19. [Two men pouring liquor into storm drain], 7/8/21, National Photo Company, 1921-07-08. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-DIG-npcc-04520; LC-F8- 14929. Rights: No known restrictions on publication.. loc.gov
20. Sunday mails. In Congress, March 4, 1830, the Hon. Richard M. Johnson, Chairman of the Committee of the House of Representatives, to whom had been committed the Petitions for stopping the Sunday Mails, with the Remonstrances against the same, made the following Report, Henry Bowen, publisher, 1830. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Marian S. Carson Collection, LC-DIG-pga-14479; PGA - Bowen (H.) -- Sunday mails (C size). Rights: No known restrictions on publication.. loc.gov
21. Richard M. Johnson, Vice President of the United States, Charles Fenderich, lithographer; Lehman & Duval, printer, 1837. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-DIG-pga-06420; PGA - Fenderich, no. 152 (B size). Rights: No known restrictions on publication.. loc.gov
22. Riot in Philadelphia, June [i.e. July] 7th 1844, H. Bucholzer, artist; James Baillie, publisher, 1844. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-DIG-pga-05259; PGA - Baillie--Riot in Philadelphia (A size). Rights: No known restrictions on publication.. loc.gov
23. The great Republican Reform Party, calling on their candidate, N. Currier (Firm); probably drawn by Louis Maurer, 1856. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-DIG-pga-04866; PGA - Currier & Ives--Great republican... (B size). Rights: No known restrictions on publication.. loc.gov
24. Joint Resolution of March 22, 1972, 86 STAT 1523, Proposing an Amendment to the Constitution of the United States Relative to Equal Rights for Men and Women, United States Congress, 1972-03-22. National Archives, Enrolled Acts and Resolutions of Congress, NAID 7455549; H.J. Res. 208. Rights: Unrestricted (National Archives catalog, Use Restriction status). catalog.archives.gov
25. Vice President Ford consoling David Eisenhower as Nixon departs from the White House, White House Photo Office, 1974-08-09. National Archives, Richard Nixon Library, White House Photo Office Collection, NAID 194598; NLRN-WHPO-E3393C-30A. Rights: Unrestricted (National Archives catalog, Use Restriction status). catalog.archives.gov
26. Anti-ERA Booth at the First National Women's Conference, Unknown photographer, 1977. National Archives, Records of Temporary Committees, Commissions, and Boards (Record Group 220), NAID 24520410; 220-WC-211A. Rights: Unrestricted (National Archives catalog, Use Restriction status). catalog.archives.gov
27. Photograph of Women Holding Banner, "If Men Got Pregnant Abortion Would be Sacred" at the National Women's Conference, Unknown photographer, 1977. National Archives, Records of Temporary Committees, Commissions, and Boards (Record Group 220), NAID 7452290; 220-WC-118H. Rights: Unrestricted (National Archives catalog, Use Restriction status). catalog.archives.gov
28. Spectators watch one of two C-9 Nightingale aircraft bringing in the 52 freed hostages after their release from Iran, Department of Defense photographer, 1981-01-20. National Archives, Records of the Office of the Secretary of Defense (Record Group 330), NAID 6344603; 330-CFD-DF-SN-82-06702. Rights: Unrestricted (National Archives catalog, Use Restriction status). catalog.archives.gov
29. President Ronald Reagan Being Sworn In on Inaugural Day at the United States Capitol, White House Photographic Office, 1981-01-20. National Archives, Ronald Reagan Library, White House Photographic Collection, NAID 6995924; C7-11. Rights: Unrestricted (National Archives catalog, Use Restriction status). catalog.archives.gov
30. Oaths of Senators for the Impeachment Trial of William Jefferson Clinton, Office of the Secretary of the Senate, 1999-01-07. National Archives, Records of the U.S. Senate (Record Group 46), NAID 1157606; Impeachment Oath Book. Rights: Unrestricted (National Archives catalog, Use Restriction status). catalog.archives.gov
31. A nighttime view of the Pentagon showing smoke rising from the building after the September 11, 2001 attacks, Petty Officer 2nd Class Robert Houlihan, U.S. Navy, 2001-09-11. U.S. Department of Defense (U.S. Navy photo), via Wikimedia Commons, DoD VIRIN 010911-N-PU293-077. Rights: Public domain: work of a U.S. military service member taken as part of official duties (17 U.S.C. 105).. commons.wikimedia.org
32. President George W. Bush Visits New York, White House Photo Office (George W. Bush Administration), 2001-09-14. National Archives and Records Administration, Records of the White House Photo Office (George W. Bush Administration), NARA ID 5997293. Rights: Public domain: work of the U.S. federal government (White House Photo Office).. catalog.archives.gov
33. President Barack Obama signs the health insurance reform bill in the East Room of the White House, Chuck Kennedy, Official White House Photo, 2010-03-23. The White House (Obama Administration), via Wikimedia Commons, White House photo P032310CK-0494. Rights: Public domain: work of the U.S. federal government (official White House photograph).. commons.wikimedia.org
34. Supreme Court Building, Washington, D.C., Carol M. Highsmith, photographer, between 1980 and 2006. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Carol M. Highsmith Archive, LC-DIG-highsm-13879; LC-HS503- 3021. Rights: No known restrictions on publication. (Carol M. Highsmith Archive, Library of Congress). lccn.loc.gov
35. National Guard soldiers rest between shifts in the Visitor Center in the U.S. Capitol, Master Sgt. Matt Hecht, U.S. Air National Guard, 2021-01-13. U.S. Department of Defense (U.S. Air National Guard photo), via Wikimedia Commons, DoD VIRIN 210113-Z-NI803-1018. Rights: Public domain: work of a U.S. military service member taken as part of official duties (17 U.S.C. 105).. commons.wikimedia.org
36. President Joe Biden, joined by First Lady Jill Biden, signs gun safety bill S. 2938, the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act, Erin Scott, Official White House Photo, 2022-06-25. The White House (Biden Administration), via Wikimedia Commons, White House photo P20220625ES-00188. Rights: Public domain: work of the U.S. federal government (official White House photograph).. commons.wikimedia.org
37. Liberty. In the form of the goddess of youth, giving support to the bald eagle, Edward Savage, painter and engraver, 1796-06-11. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-DIG-ppmsca-13641; PGA - Savage (E.)--Liberty ... (C size). Rights: No known restrictions on publication.. loc.gov
38. Congressional pugilists, Unknown artist, 1798. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-DIG-ppmsca-19356 (second state); PC/US - 1798 A000, no. 2. Rights: No known restrictions on publication.. loc.gov
39. Jefferson Banner, Unknown maker, 1800. National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, PL.227739.1800.C01 (catalog 227739.1800.C01); image NMAH-2007-4101-2. Rights: CC0 (Smithsonian Open Access; media usage access: CC0). si.edu
40. Genl. Andrew Jackson, 1828. Protector & defender of beauty & booty, Orleans, Cephas G. Childs, engraver, after Joseph Wood, 1828. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-DIG-ds-00682. Rights: No known restrictions on publication.. loc.gov
41. The modern balaam and his ass, Henry R. Robinson, publisher, 1837. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-DIG-ppmsca-15775; PC/US - 1837.R661, no. 48. Rights: No known restrictions on publication.. loc.gov
42. Political cock fighters, James S. Baillie, publisher; H. Bucholzer, artist, 1844. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-1972; PC/US - 1844.B157, no. 12. Rights: No known restrictions on publication.. loc.gov
43. "Brother, Beware. C-Ass", Unknown artist (The John-Donkey), 1848-06-10. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ6-781; BIOG FILE - CASS, LEWIS. Rights: No known restrictions on publication.. loc.gov
44. Jno C. Fremont [and] Wm. L. Dayton. The champions of freedom!, C.E. Lewis, lithographer and publisher, from a photograph by Marcus Root, c1856. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-DIG-pga-07356. Rights: No known restrictions on publication.. loc.gov
45. The great match at Baltimore, between the "Illinois Bantam" and the "Old Cock" of the White House, Currier & Ives; probably drawn by Louis Maurer, c1860. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-DIG-pga-04863. Rights: No known restrictions on publication.. loc.gov
46. "A Live Jackass Kicking a Dead Lion" (reproduction in Paine, Th. Nast, His Period and His Pictures, p. 146), Thomas Nast (cartoon, Harper's Weekly, January 15, 1870); reproduced in Albert Bigelow Paine's book, Harper & Brothers, 1904, 1870-01-15 (cartoon); 1904 (book reproduction). HathiTrust Digital Library (original from Harvard University), hvd.32044011706926, page scan 176 (p. 146). Rights: Public Domain. (HathiTrust rights statement for this volume). hdl.handle.net
47. The Third-term Panic, Thomas Nast, 1874-11-07. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-DIG-ppmsca-15785; Illus. in AP2.H32 1874 (Case Y); Harper's Weekly v. 18 no. 932, p. 912. Rights: No known restrictions on publication.. loc.gov
48. Caught in a trap: the result of the third term hoax, Thomas Nast, 1874-11-21. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-DIG-ds-14908; Harper's Weekly, November 21, 1874, p. 960. Rights: No known restrictions on publication.. loc.gov
49. Stranger things have happened. Hold on, and you may walk over the sluggish animal up there yet, Thomas Nast, 1879-12-27. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-112163; Harper's Weekly, December 27, 1879, p. 1001. Rights: No known restrictions on publication.. loc.gov
50. The Republican elephant and his growing burden, J.S. Pughe, 1902-06-18. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-DIG-ppmsca-25645; Puck v. 51 no. 1320, centerfold. Rights: No known restrictions on publication.. loc.gov
51. [Race to the White House with Wilson on a donkey and Taft on an elephant being bitten by T. Roosevelt on a bull moose], Clifford K. Berryman, 1912. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-DIG-acd-2a06705; CD 1 - Berryman (C.K.), no. 1022. Rights: No known restrictions on publication.. loc.gov
52. "Game Cock Is Emblem," The Montgomery Advertiser, May 26, 1904, page 1 (article crop), The Montgomery Advertiser (unsigned report), 1904-05-26. Library of Congress, Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers, LCCN sn84020645; batch_au_hall_ver01, reel 00513684009, page 0701. Rights: The Library of Congress believes that the newspapers in Chronicling America are in the public domain or have no known copyright restrictions. Newspapers published in the United States more than 95 years ago are in the public domain in their entirety.. loc.gov
53. "How to Vote," The Jasper Weekly Courier, October 30, 1908, page 8 (crop), The Jasper Weekly Courier, 1908-10-30. Library of Congress, Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers, LCCN sn84023963; batch_in_bird_ver02, reel 00212470740, page 0344. Rights: The Library of Congress believes that the newspapers in Chronicling America are in the public domain or have no known copyright restrictions. Newspapers published in the United States more than 95 years ago are in the public domain in their entirety.. loc.gov

How this list is made

This list is made from the claim ledger. This page is generated from the claim ledger each time the site is built, so it cannot drift from the pages. A source appears here only when a published claim depends on it. Claims we could not verify are kept in a research queue and never appear in public copy. Read the editorial standards, or report an error.